Reference
Engineering tables
The data behind the calculators, on one page. Verify exact values against the governing standard and material certificates before final design.
Material properties
Typical/minimum values at room temperature. Yield and tensile strength vary with product thickness and heat treatment.
| Material | E (GPa) | σ_yield (MPa) | σ_tensile (MPa) | ρ (kg/m³) | α (10⁻⁶/°C) | ν |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Structural steel S235 | 210 | 235 | 360 | 7,850 | 12 | 0.3 |
| Structural steel S355 | 210 | 355 | 510 | 7,850 | 12 | 0.3 |
| Steel C45 (normalized) | 210 | 340 | 620 | 7,850 | 11.5 | 0.3 |
| Stainless 304 | 193 | 215 | 505 | 7,900 | 17.2 | 0.29 |
| Stainless 316 | 193 | 170 | 485 | 8,000 | 15.9 | 0.29 |
| Aluminium 6061-T6 | 68.9 | 276 | 310 | 2,700 | 23.6 | 0.33 |
| Aluminium 7075-T6 | 71.7 | 503 | 572 | 2,810 | 23.6 | 0.33 |
| Grey cast iron GG-25 | 100 | — | 250 | 7,200 | 11 | 0.26 |
| Copper C110 | 117 | 69 | 220 | 8,940 | 17 | 0.34 |
| Titanium Ti-6Al-4V | 113.8 | 880 | 950 | 4,430 | 8.6 | 0.34 |
| ABS | 2 | 40 | 44 | 1,050 | 90 | 0.39 |
| PLA (3D printing) | 3.5 | 50 | 65 | 1,240 | 68 | 0.36 |
| PEEK | 3.6 | 91 | 100 | 1,320 | 47 | 0.4 |
Metric bolts (ISO coarse thread)
F₀.₂ = Rp0.2 · A_s (ISO 898-1 minimum yield). Tap drill ≈ d − P. Across flats per ISO 4017, clearance hole ISO 273 medium.
| Thread | Pitch (mm) | d₃ (mm) | A_s (mm²) | Tap drill (mm) | Across flats (mm) | Hole (mm) | 8.8 F₀.₂ (kN) | 10.9 F₀.₂ (kN) | 12.9 F₀.₂ (kN) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M6 | 1 | 4.773 | 20.1 | 5 | 10 | 6.6 | 12.9 | 18.9 | 22.1 |
| M8 | 1.25 | 6.466 | 36.6 | 6.75 | 13 | 9 | 23.4 | 34.4 | 40.3 |
| M10 | 1.5 | 8.16 | 58 | 8.5 | 16 | 11 | 37.1 | 54.5 | 63.8 |
| M12 | 1.75 | 9.853 | 84.3 | 10.25 | 18 | 13.5 | 54 | 79.2 | 92.7 |
| M14 | 2 | 11.546 | 115 | 12 | 21 | 15.5 | 73.6 | 108.1 | 126.5 |
| M16 | 2 | 13.546 | 157 | 14 | 24 | 17.5 | 100.5 | 147.6 | 172.7 |
| M20 | 2.5 | 16.933 | 245 | 17.5 | 30 | 22 | 161.7 | 230.3 | 269.5 |
| M24 | 3 | 20.319 | 353 | 21 | 36 | 26 | 233 | 331.8 | 388.3 |
| M30 | 3.5 | 25.706 | 561 | 26.5 | 46 | 33 | 370.3 | 527.3 | 617.1 |
Steel sections
Hot-rolled IPE, HEA, HEB (EN 10365) and cold-formed RHS (EN 10219). Ix and Wx about the strong axis.
| Section | h (mm) | b (mm) | A (cm²) | Ix (cm⁴) | Wx (cm³) | Mass (kg/m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPE100 | 100 | 55 | 10.3 | 171 | 34.2 | 8.1 |
| IPE120 | 120 | 64 | 13.2 | 318 | 53 | 10.4 |
| IPE140 | 140 | 73 | 16.4 | 541 | 77.3 | 12.9 |
| IPE160 | 160 | 82 | 20.1 | 869 | 109 | 15.8 |
| IPE180 | 180 | 91 | 23.9 | 1,317 | 146 | 18.8 |
| IPE200 | 200 | 100 | 28.5 | 1,943 | 194 | 22.4 |
| IPE220 | 220 | 110 | 33.4 | 2,772 | 252 | 26.2 |
| IPE240 | 240 | 120 | 39.1 | 3,892 | 324 | 30.7 |
| IPE270 | 270 | 135 | 45.9 | 5,790 | 429 | 36.1 |
| IPE300 | 300 | 150 | 53.8 | 8,356 | 557 | 42.2 |
| HEA100 | 96 | 100 | 21.2 | 349 | 72.8 | 16.7 |
| HEA200 | 190 | 200 | 53.8 | 3,692 | 389 | 42.3 |
| HEB100 | 100 | 100 | 26 | 450 | 89.9 | 20.4 |
| HEB200 | 200 | 200 | 78.1 | 5,696 | 570 | 61.3 |
| RHS 100×60×4 | 100 | 60 | 11.7 | 156 | 31.2 | 9.19 |
Thermal properties
Values near 20 °C. Thermal diffusivity a = k / (ρ·cp).
| Material | k (W/m·K) | cp (J/kg·K) | ρ (kg/m³) | a (10⁻⁶ m²/s) | Melting (°C) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Structural steel | 50 | 490 | 7,850 | 13 | 1425–1540 |
| Stainless 304 | 16.3 | 500 | 7,900 | 4.1 | 1400–1455 |
| Aluminium 6061 | 167 | 896 | 2,700 | 69 | 582–652 |
| Copper | 385 | 385 | 8,940 | 111 | 1085 |
| Grey cast iron | 46 | 500 | 7,200 | 12.8 | 1127–1204 |
| Concrete (normal) | 1.7 | 880 | 2,300 | 0.84 | — |
| Glass | 1 | 840 | 2,500 | 0.48 | 700–900 |
| Air (20 °C) | 0.026 | 1,005 | 1.2 | 21.5 | — |
| Water (20 °C) | 0.6 | 4,182 | 998 | 0.143 | — |